Human papillomavirus (HPV) is very common in the United States. Most adults will be exposed to HPV at some point in their lives, often without ever knowing it. In many cases, the body clears the virus on its own. However, some types of HPV can remain in the body and cause changes in the cervix that may develop into cancer over time if they are not found early.
HPV is responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Because HPV usually does not cause symptoms, regular screening is one of the most important ways to protect long-term health. Screening can find changes early—before cancer develops—when treatment is much simpler and more effective.
When Should Screening Start?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that cervical cancer screening begin at age 21 for anyone who has a cervix.
For adults ages 30 to 65, there are several safe and effective options:
- HPV testing alone every 5 years
- HPV and Pap testing together (co-testing) every 5 years
- Pap testing alone every 3 years
Your healthcare provider can help determine which option is best for you based on your health history and what testing is available.
Even people who have received the HPV vaccine still need routine screening. The vaccine protects against the HPV types that cause most cervical cancers, but not all types.
HPV Vaccination: Preventing Cancer Before It Starts
HPV vaccination is a powerful tool for preventing cervical and other HPV-related cancers. The vaccine is recommended starting at ages 9–12 and is also recommended for teens and young adults who did not receive it earlier. Catch-up vaccination is recommended through age 26, and some adults ages 27–45 may also benefit after discussing with their healthcare provider.
Vaccinating youth before exposure to HPV provides the strongest protection.
Why This Matters for American Indian and Alaska Native Communities
HPV-related cancers, especially cervical cancer, have a greater impact on American Indian and Alaska Native communities than on many other populations in parts of the country. National data show higher rates of cervical cancer among American Indian and Alaska Native women compared with non-Hispanic White women in several regions.
These differences are not about individual choices—they reflect longstanding barriers to care, including limited access to screening services, geographic distance, and healthcare inequities in rural and tribal communities.
The good news is that cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Vaccination and regular screening can significantly reduce risk and save lives.
Taking Action
Protecting our health is an act of care for ourselves, our families, and future generations.
If you are due for cervical cancer screening or have questions about HPV vaccination for yourself or your children, contact your clinic to schedule an appointment or speak with your healthcare provider. Services are available, and early detection truly makes a difference.
By encouraging screening, supporting vaccination, and reducing barriers to care, we can take meaningful steps toward preventing cervical cancer in our communities.
HPV self-swab testing is an additional cervical cancer screening option that can help reduce barriers to care. It allows patients to collect their own sample privately and may increase screening access for those who are overdue or uncomfortable with a pelvic exam. Learn more from the National Cervical Cancer Coalition: www.nccc-online.org/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-hpv-self-collection-test/
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